China’s October 2025 Export Controls: Strategic Implications for Global Industries China’s export-control framework has entered a new phase of regulatory refinement and systematization. On October 9, 2025, the General Administration of Customs announced comprehensive measures that mark a fundamental shift from reactive quota management to proactive governance of critical materials and technologies. These regulations carry profound implications for global supply chains spanning advanced manufacturing, clean energy, and strategic technology sectors.The announcement encompasses five interconnected circulars that collectively represent China’s most comprehensive approach to critical materials governance. These measures span the entire value chain from raw materials and processing equipment through …